Problems and solutions for the accurate 3D functional modelling of the hip and shoulder

This paper presents the state-of-the-art on the 3D functional modelling of the hip and shoulder, and analyses critical aspects on this subject. For the accurate human hip and shoulder model, we need to pay a careful consideration to the correct material properties about organs (bones, cartilages, ligaments, muscles, and skins) and joint mechanics. The survey of functional modelling and our proposal, in order to obtain individual accurate model from MR Image dataset of several living people, are described.